history br main article history of x br x is based upon the mach kernel certain parts from freebsd s and netbsd s implementation of unix were incorporated in nextstep the core of x nextstep was the object oriented operating system developed by steve jobs company next after he left apple in 1985 while jobs was away from apple apple tried to create a next generation os through the taligent copland and gershwin projects with little success br eventually next s os then called openstep was selected to be the basis for apple s next os and apple purchased next outright steve jobs returned to apple as interim ceo and later became ceo shepherding the transformation of the programmer friendly openstep into a system that would be adopted by apple s primary market of home users and creative professionals the project was first known as rhapsody and was later renamed to x br x server 1 x was incompatible with software designed for the original and had no support for apple s own ieee 139 4 interface firewire x 10 x included more backward compatibility and functionality by including the carbon api as well as firewire support as the operating system evolved it moved away from the legacy to an emphasis on new digital lifestyle applications such as the ilife suite enhanced business applications iwork and integrated home entertainment the front row media center each version also included modifications to the general interface such as the brushed metal appearance added in version 10 3 the non pinstriped titlebar appearance in version 10 4 and in 10 5 the removal of the previous brushed metal styles in favor of the unified gradient window style br description br box artwork for x left to right cheetah puma 1 jaguar 2 panther 3 tiger 4 leopard 5 and snow leopard 6 br x is the tenth major version of apple s operating system for macintosh computers previous macintosh operating systems were named using arabic numerals e g 8 and 9 the letter x in x s name refers to the number 10 a roman numeral it is therefore correctly pronounced ten tn in this context though x ks is also a common pronunciation br x s core is a posix compliant operating system os built on top of the xnu kernel with standard unix facilities available from the command line interface apple released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named darwin but it later became partially proprietary on top of darwin apple layered a number of components including the aqua interface and the finder to complete the gui based operating system which is x br x introduced a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor 9 for example pre emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system s ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other many aspects of x s architecture are derived from openstep which was designed to be portable to ease the transition from one platform to another for example nextstep was ported from the original 68k based next workstations to x86 and other architectures before next was purchased by apple and openstep was later ported to the powerpc architecture as part of the rhapsody project br the most visible change was the aqua theme the use of soft edges translucent colors and pinstripes similar to the hardware design of the first imacs brought more texture and color to the user interface when compared to what os 9 and os x server 1 0 s platinum appearance had offered according to john siracusa an editor of ars technica the introduction of aqua and its departure from the then conventional look hit like a ton of bricks however bruce tognazzini who founded the original apple human interface group said that the aqua interface in x v10 0 represented a step backwards in usability compared with the original interface despite the controversial new interface third party developers started producing skins for customizable applications for mac and other operating systems which mimicked the aqua appearance to some extent apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company claims is derived from its copyrighted design br x architecture implements a layered framework the layered framework aids rapid development of applications by providing existing code for common tasks br x includes its own software development tools most prominently an integrated development environment called xcode xcode provides interfaces to compilers that support several programming languages including c c objective c and java for the applentel transition it was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binary which provides compatibility with both the intel based and powerpc based macintosh lines br the darwin sub system in x is in charge of managing the filesystem which includes the unix permissions layer in 2003 and 2005 two macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme ted landau called misconfigured permissions the most common frustration in x while rob griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day a process which can take up to 15 minutes more recently another macworld editor dan frakes called the procedure of repairing permissions vastly overused he argues that x typically handles permissions properly without user interference and resetting permissions should be tried only when problems emerge br as of 2009 x is the second most popular general purpose operating system in use for the internet after microsoft windows with a 4 5 market share according to statistics compiled by net applications in contrast it is the most successful unix like desktop operating system on the internet estimated at over 4 times the penetration of the free linux x is available in a variety of languages including english japanese french german spanish portuguese and italian br compatibility br software br the apis that x inherited from openstep are not backward compatible with earlier versions of these apis were created as the result of a 1993 collaboration between next computer and sun microsystems and are now referred to by apple as cocoa this heritage is highly visible for cocoa developers since the ns prefix is ubiquitous in the framework standing variously for nextstep or next sun the official openstep api published in september 1994 was the first to split the api between foundation and application kit and the first to use the ns prefix apple s rhapsody project would have required all new development to use these apis causing much outcry among existing mac developers all mac software that did not receive a complete rewrite to the new framework would run in the equivalent of the classic environment to permit a smooth transition from 9 to x the car bon application programming interface api was created applications written with carbon can be executed natively on both systems carbon was not included in the first product sold as mac os x mac os x server now known as mac os x server 1 x br mac os x used to support the java platform as a preferred software package in practice this means that applications written in java fit as neatly into the operating system as possible while still being cross platform compatible and that graphical user interfaces written in swing look almost exactly like native cocoa interfaces traditionally cocoa programs have been mostly written in objective c with java as an alternative however on july 11 2005 apple announced that features added to cocoa in mac os x versions later than 10 4 will not be added to the cocoa java programming interface br since mac os x is posix compliant many software packages written for the bsds or linux can be recompiled to run on it projects such as fink macports and p kgsrc provide pre compiled or pre formatted packages since version 10 3 mac os x has included x11 app apple s version of the x window system graphical interface for unix applications as an optional component during installation up to and including mac os x v10 4 tiger apple s implementation was based on the x11 licensed xfree86 4 3 and x11r6 6 all bundled versions of x11 feature a window manager which is similar to the mac os x look and feel and has fairly good integration with mac os x also using the native quartz rendering system earlier versions of mac os x in which x11 has not been bundled can also run x11 applications using xdarwin with the introduction of version 10 5 apple switched to the x org variant of x11 br hardware br for the early releases of mac os x the standard hardware platform supported was the full line of macintosh computers laptop desktop or server based on powerpc g3 g4 and g5 processors later versions discontinued support for some older hardware for e xample panther does not support beige g3s and tiger does not support systems that pre date apple s introduction of integrated firewire ports however the ports themselves are not a functional requirement mac os x v10 5 leopard introduced october 2007 has dropped support for all powerpc g3 processors and for powerpc g4 processors with clock rates below 867 160 mhz mac os x v10 6 snow leopard supports only macs with intel processors not powerpc br tools such as xpostfacto and patches applied to the installation disc have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of mac os x on systems not officially supported by apple this includes a number of pre g3 power macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including mac os x 10 2 jaguar all g3 based macs which can run up to and including tiger and sub 867 160 mhz g4 macs can run leopard by removing the restriction from the installation dvd or entering a command in the mac s open firmware interfac e to tell the leopard installer that it has a clock rate of 867 160 mhz or greater except for features requiring specific hardware e g graphics acceleration dvd writing the operating system offers the same functionality on all supported hardware br powerpc versions of mac os x prior to leopard retain compatibility with older mac os applications by providing an emulation environment called classic which allows users to run mac os 9 as a process within mac os x so that most older applications run as they would under the older operating system classic is not supported on intel based macs or in mac os x v10 5 leopard although users still requiring classic applications on intel macs can use the sheepshaver emulator to run mac os 9 on top of leopard br applentel transition br main article applentel transition br in april 2002 eweek reported a rumor that apple had a version of mac os x code named marklar which ran on intel x86 processors the idea behind marklar was to keep mac os x running on an alternative platform should apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the powerpc platform these rumors subsided until late in may 2005 when various media outlets such as the wall street journal and cnet reported that apple would unveil marklar in the coming months br on june 6 2005 steve jobs confirmed these rumors when he announced in his keynote address at the annual apple worldwide developers conference that apple would be making the transition from powerpc to intel processors over the following two years and that mac os x would support both platforms during the transition jobs also confirmed rumors that apple has had versions of mac os x running on intel processors for most of its developmental life the last time that apple switched cpu familiesrom the motorola 68k cpu to the ibm motorola powerpcpple included a motorola 68k emulator in the new os that made almost all 68k software work automatically on the new hardware apple had supported the 68k emul ator for 11 years but stopped supporting it during the transition to intel cpus included in the new os for the intel based macs is rosetta a binary translation layer which enables software compiled for powerpc mac os x to run on intel mac os x machines however apple dropped support for classic mode on the new intel macs third party emulation software such as mini vmac basilisk ii and sheepshaver provides support for some early versions of mac os a new version of xcode and the underlying command line compilers support building universal binaries that will run on either architecture br software that is available only for powerpc is supported with rosetta though applications may have to be rewritten to run properly on the newer os x for intel apple encourages developers to produce universal binaries with support for both powerpc and x86 there is a performance penalty when powerpc binaries run on intel macs through rosetta moreover some powerpc software such as kernel extensions and system preferences plugins are not supported on intel macs some powerpc applications would not run on intel os x at all plugins for safari need to be compiled for the same platform as safari so when safari is running on intel it requires plug ins that have been compiled as intel only or universal binaries so powerpc only plug ins will not work while intel macs will be able to run powerpc x86 and universal binaries powerpc macs will support only universal and powerpc builds br support for the powerpc platform remains in mac os x version 10 5 such cross platform capability already existed in mac os x s lineage openstep was ported to many architectures including x86 and darwin included support for both powerpc and x86 although apple stated that mac os x would not run on intel based personal computers aside from its own a hacked
Sunday, June 30, 2013
How to Find an Organic Food Delivery Company - Health
How to Find an Organic Food Delivery Company
Are you looking for any easy way to buy organic foods? If you are, you may be interested in buying your foods from an organic food delivery company. Unfortunately, many new organic food eaters do not even know that there is such a thing or even know how to find one. If that the case, please continue reading on, as a few of the many ways that you can go about finding organic food delivery companies are touched on below.
The internet is a great way to find organic food delivery companies. What is nice about using the internet is that online shopping can technically be considered arranging an organic food delivery. This is because the food that you order online is delivered right to your door. The delivery of food that is purchased online is often quick too, as organic food companies what to ensure that their food arrives to you fresh. That is why a large number of online organic food stores rely on next day or two day shipping.
If you decide to shop online for organic foods, you will find that you have a number of different options, in terms of purchase points. For example, there are organic food stores, which sell a number of different organic food brands. On the other hand, there are organic food manufacturers that choose only to sell their products online. Whichever method you choose to get your organic food delivered directly to your door, be sure to compare prices, shipping costs, and product selections. This can help to ensure that you get the largest selection of organic foods, but at affordable prices.
In addition to arranging an organic food delivery online, you can also do so locally. In fact, this is how many individuals prefer to have their organic foods delivered to them. When looking to do so locally, you will also have a number of different options. If you are shopping at a local organic food store, but if you are in a hurry or if you will be unable to go home right way, you may be able to have your purchases delivered to your home later in the day or even the following day. Many small organic food stores have this type of delivery service available to their customers.
There are also many local organic food stores that are starting to offer combination online and local delivery services. This means that you could visit the online website of one of your local organic food stores, shop, place your order, and then pay for your order. If a delivery service is available, your food can then be delivered, often within a few hours. This approach is similar to shopping online, but many local stores tend to limit the radius in which they are willing to provide delivery to. If your local natural food stores have online websites, visit them to see if a local delivery service is available. If not, you may want to consider suggesting it to store managers or owners.
As highlighted above, there are a number of different ways that you can go about finding an organic food delivery service. Having organic food delivered directly to your home is a great option for those who are disabled, do not have adequate transportation, or for those who are pressed for time.
Diane de Silva
How to Find an Organic Food Delivery Company - Health
How to Find an Organic Food Delivery Company
Are you looking for any easy way to buy organic foods? If you are, you may be interested in buying your foods from an organic food delivery company. Unfortunately, many new organic food eaters do not even know that there is such a thing or even know how to find one. If that the case, please continue reading on, as a few of the many ways that you can go about finding organic food delivery companies are touched on below.
The internet is a great way to find organic food delivery companies. What is nice about using the internet is that online shopping can technically be considered arranging an organic food delivery. This is because the food that you order online is delivered right to your door. The delivery of food that is purchased online is often quick too, as organic food companies what to ensure that their food arrives to you fresh. That is why a large number of online organic food stores rely on next day or two day shipping.
If you decide to shop online for organic foods, you will find that you have a number of different options, in terms of purchase points. For example, there are organic food stores, which sell a number of different organic food brands. On the other hand, there are organic food manufacturers that choose only to sell their products online. Whichever method you choose to get your organic food delivered directly to your door, be sure to compare prices, shipping costs, and product selections. This can help to ensure that you get the largest selection of organic foods, but at affordable prices.
In addition to arranging an organic food delivery online, you can also do so locally. In fact, this is how many individuals prefer to have their organic foods delivered to them. When looking to do so locally, you will also have a number of different options. If you are shopping at a local organic food store, but if you are in a hurry or if you will be unable to go home right way, you may be able to have your purchases delivered to your home later in the day or even the following day. Many small organic food stores have this type of delivery service available to their customers.
There are also many local organic food stores that are starting to offer combination online and local delivery services. This means that you could visit the online website of one of your local organic food stores, shop, place your order, and then pay for your order. If a delivery service is available, your food can then be delivered, often within a few hours. This approach is similar to shopping online, but many local stores tend to limit the radius in which they are willing to provide delivery to. If your local natural food stores have online websites, visit them to see if a local delivery service is available. If not, you may want to consider suggesting it to store managers or owners.
As highlighted above, there are a number of different ways that you can go about finding an organic food delivery service. Having organic food delivered directly to your home is a great option for those who are disabled, do not have adequate transportation, or for those who are pressed for time.
Diane de Silva
pros-and-cons-computer-forensics
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer Forensics
Computer forensics has become an important of litigation. Computers have become an important part of your lives. This does not exclude criminals who have the technical know how of hacking into computer network systems. Electronic evidence has played a role in court but obtaining can be difficult.
There have been issues of authenticity concerned with this type of evidence. Nonetheless it still used today with the help of legal standards to make them admissible in court. Computer forensics is beneficial but it also has disadvantages.
Computers are the most dominant form of technology. It has been used in variety of purposes which has made digital and electronic evidence important. However there are still setbacks to this field.
Pros and Cons
The exchange of information is taking place everyday over the internet. Although this may be convenient for us, it can also pose as an opportunity for criminals. Phishing, corporate fraud, intellectual property disputes, theft, breach of contract and asset recovery are some of the situations wherein computer forensics can be used.
Apart from the technical aspect, legal issues are also involved. Computer forensic analysts make their investigation in such a way that the electronic evidence will be admissible in court.
There are advantages and disadvantages when it comes to computer forensics. This field is relatively new and criminal matters usually dealt with physical evidences. This makes electronic evidence something very new. Fortunately it has been a helpful tool wherein important data needed for a case that has been lost, deleted or damaged can be retrieved.
Computer forensics' main advantage is its ability to search and analyze a mountain of data quickly and efficiently. They can search keywords in a hard drive in different languages which is beneficial since cyber crimes can easily cross borders through the internet.
Valuable data that has been lost and deleted by offenders can be retrieved which becomes substantial evidence in court. Legal professionals are able to produce data in court that were previously impossible.
The first setback when using electronic or digital evidence is making it admissible in court. Data can be easily modified. Analyst must be bale to fully comply with standards of evidence required in the court of law. The computer forensic analyst must show that the data is tampered.
His or her own investigation must also be fully documented and accounted for. Computer forensics must also training of legal standard procedures when handling evidence.
The main disadvantage is the cost of when retrieving data. Computer forensic experts hire per hour. Analysis and reporting of data can take as long as 15 hours but it will also depend on the nature of the case. Another one is that when retrieving data, analyst may inadvertently disclose privilege documents.
Legal practitioners involved in the case must also have knowledge of computer forensics. If not they will not be able to cross examine an expert witness. This also applies to the judge, solicitors and barristers. Computer forensics is still fairly new and some may not understand it. The analyst must be able to communicate his findings in a way that everyone will understand.
Although computer forensics has its disadvantage, this can be solved by the party involved. Evidence on the other hand can only be captured once. The use of computers and the rise of cyber crimes also call for an equally high the method of stopping it.
computer-forensics
What is Computer Forensics?
Computers have radically changed the way we live your lives. Everyday living as become easier and technologically advanced decades ago. It has changed the way we work and the way we live in our houses. Children to day are sometimes even more technologically aware than their parents. Mobiles phones have gotten smaller and laptops have gotten slimmer.
With the launch of the Iphone that used the touch screen technology it will only be a matter of time when this idea permeates into other devices and appliances. Unfortunately, technology also makes it easier for criminals to their dirty job. However, computer forensics makes sure that technology is put to lawful use.
Everyone keeps up with the times, even the criminals. The internet is a public place which makes it vulnerable for fraud. Criminals often take advantage of unsuspecting victims. Law enforcement agencies have incorporated computer science in their investigation process to aid them with computer savvy criminals.
Crime and computers
We have seen a lot of Hollywood movies about hackers stealing from financial institutions. We have also seen two parties making their deals through bank transfers with a bunch of computers. Although these are not possible in real life, there are other ways that criminals can use computers.
Computer forensics is basically applying computer science to assist in the legal process. It entails the technological and systematic inspection of the contents of a computer system for evidence. Individuals in this field are called by different titles such as digital media analyst or computer forensics investigator. These people scanned a computer thoroughly to find out if they have used for a civil wrongdoing or criminal act.
The skills required are more than just normal data collection and using preservation techniques. Other definitions include the use of special tools to meet the Court's criteria and not just a thorough examination of a computer for potential evidence. This definition is similar to Electric Evidentiary Recovery or e-discovery.
Most of the time computer forensic investigators investigate hard drives, portable data devices and data storage devices. These devices include USB Drives, Micro Drives and external Drives.
The first task of the computer forensic investigator is to find sources of documentary or digital evidence. The next step would be to preserve the evidence so that it could be analyzed later on. When dealing with computer systems, important files or data can be quickly lost.
The investigator should take the necessary test because data retrieval can be time consuming and costly. The investigator would then analyze the collected data for potential and supportive evidence. The final step would be presenting the findings. The investigator will render his opinion based on the examination and make a report.
The process of using computer forensics must comply with the standards of evidence that are acceptable in court. This field is both technical and legal. The investigator should also have a complete understanding of the suspect's level of sophistication. If they don't the suspects are assumed to be experts.
Investigators then presume that the criminal have installed a countermeasure to render forensic techniques useless. The computer will then be shutdown completely to prohibit the machine from making further modifications to its drives.
Computer technology has changed the way we live, work, and for others - commit crime. Although the internet may seem like a very convenient place users should always be wary for seemingly innocent offers.
Saturday, June 29, 2013
computer-forensics-problems
What Remains to be Today's Computer Forensics Problem?
Computer forensics is one the fields today which often gets updated. Many agencies have found the application of computer forensics very useful especially in the investigation of fraudulent actions and crimes. More so, computer forensics is the procedure that is applied when electronic devices such as the computer media is placed under careful investigation.
The process involves the discovery and analysis of any available data whether they have been hidden or deleted. These are among the evidences that will support the defense and claim of a particular individual or company as they file for any legal action.
Moreover, computer forensics specialists use the tools that recover both the accidentally and intentionally erased files and information. So whether the loss of the data is blamed to the untoward occurrences of hardware failure, there is a better chance of recuperating them. One of the biggest computer forensics problems though is how to retain the original data without the slightest alteration in them.
So much to say, even during the process of shutting down the computer system to transfer the data into another media may cause changes in them. It is important that the computer forensics expert has the skill to maintain the exact form of the data. Nobody can exactly say when the data may be altered but with the most apt tool and the specialist's skills, it can be possibly prevented.
Computer forensics attracted the attention of the public during the height of the Enron scandal which prompted the widest-ranging computer forensics investigation marked in the world's history. As computers these days are becoming an integral part of human life, big quantities of data are being stored in these electronic devices.
More so, crimes and other fraudulent acts are likewise increasing in intervals. Computer forensics investigations are also done in emails, websites visited, chat histories, and many other forms of electronic communications.
The advances in today's technology have shaped the improvement of computer forensics. The developers continually upgrade their tools to meet the increasing intensities of computer forensics problems. Modern software and tools are coming out into the market which nonetheless makes the task easier for the computer forensics experts. Thus, data is found and restored faster and with more preciseness.
These evidences need to be in their original format especially when they are to be used as evidences in the court. These proofs are often gathered from all kinds of computer media such as the discs, Pen drives, tapes, memory sticks, logs, emails, PDAs, handhelds, deleted information, and hidden documents.
The people's common notion is that when the data is deleted from its location, the file is already completely deleted and unfound. This makes you wrong though. Upon deletion, what is erased is only that of the data's reference location but the actual document remains intact in your computer system.
It is easiest to tell that the data have been deleted but the common computer forensics problem is where and how to find it and how to recover them without making traces of changes. Thus, the solution to the dilemma will entirely depend on the computer forensics professional's skills.
Computer data security is very important so it is also significant that they remain original. Part of the training of these professionals includes the molding of their skills to be careful when handling the recovery of the data at all times.
However, it is not for them to conclude when data may be altered or not. This remains as one of the top computer forensics problems to date.
computer-forensic-investigation-state-requirements
Computer Forensic Investigation State Requirements
By definition, computer forensics is the procedure wherein an expert sees through the files stored or recorded in a computer's system. These data may have been deleted, hidden, or saved. The search for the computer-related information uncovers the engagement in any crime or deception.
Computer forensics is nonetheless being widely used in the areas of intelligence, military, businesses, and law enforcement agencies. There is obviously a protocol that is followed in the course of the computer forensic investigation since the collected, analyzed, and examined data are presented before the courts of law in the effort of uncovering the malicious acts incurred by certain parties.
Moreover, as it is related to a legal action, it is but necessary that the computer forensic investigation state requirements are observed.
Computer forensics is an application which is not only confined to the recovery of any lost data. Such field is more so used in giving explanations and providing insights to any committed crime. Computer forensic investigation is often employed to collect the pertinent data in finding out the truth about a criminal or suspect to a crime.
With today's wide use of the Internet and the computer, it is very possible that clues may be traced from the electronic media sources. More so, the company employers are nowadays seeking for employees who are equipped with the rightful knowledge on the techniques and tools about computer forensic investigations.
It is necessary that the person is qualified to handle the task. Needless to say, a formal education on the said field is required. Among the instructions which the computer forensics training institutes tackle about are the enhancement of one's computer skills, important legal issues, and the needed computer forensic tools and techniques to be applied in different cases.
There are various computer forensic investigation state requirements and they vary from one state to another. However, we must touch on with the most common requisites which apply to all of them. The following discussion will provide you with the insights on the computer forensic state requirements for your perusal.
First of all, it is a must that the individual is a computer forensic professional. For one to attain this, a particular training course must be undertaken. Certificate programs in computer forensics are offered in a lot of institutions. The academic requirements differ too and it matters that one passes all of them.
Next, one must contain in him an all-embracing knowledge about the computer systems and how its applications and programs work. With these, one must also have the skill or the ability to restore any lost information from all types of electronic media but without the occurrence of any changes in them.
A forensic investigator must be knowledgeable of the computer software and hardware and must be capable of understanding the various operating systems in use these days.
An investigator should know the techniques to be used in uncovering the data from any type of file structure. There are different tools which need to be used in various cases.
Most importantly, a computer forensic investigator must be able to generate a refined report so that all of the input data are comprehensible enough even for those who don't understand the technicalities of the investigation.
These are just among the computer forensic investigation state requirements that must be strictly observed for a more precise result in the findings and conclusions in a particular case.