Ancient Egyptian medicine in Ancient Egypt
Medicine of the ancient Egyptians, and some of the oldest documented. Since the beginnings of civilization in the century before the birth 33 (c) went to the Persian invasion of 525 BC, the practice of the Egyptian Medical unchanged in large and very advanced for its time, including the process of a simple non-invasive and bone development and a wide range of drugs. Egyptian thought later in the affected medical traditions, including the Greeks.
Nutrition in Ancient Egypt
Basically do not need to be discussed when considering the validity of any type of education and nutrition. The ancient Egyptians aware of the importance of nutrition. This was the reason for the suspension of the fertile land of Egypt, a large food production never a major issue, although of course it does not matter how many famine poor, landless, and still exists. For most of the major cultures of the ancient history of emmer wheat and barley in Egypt. Consumed as bread products in a variety of types of bread and fermentation through with a lot of yeast to enrich the nutritional value of the product, farmers can support crops for twenty adults estimated. Barley was also used in beer. Was grown on a large scale, fruits and vegetables of all kinds. Oil production from the flax plant, and there is a limited range of spices and herbs. Herodotus wrote of pork meat (sheep, goats, pigs and wild animals) regularly available consumer at least the upper layers and fish on a large scale, despite the evidence of the prohibition of certain periods against certain types of products animal as "unclean." And recorded presentations to King Unas (c. 2494-2345 BC), as
"... And milk, and three kinds of beer, and five types of wine, bread and ten, and four cakes of bread and four years of cuts, and meat from different barbecue joints, and spleen, and limbs, and breast cancer, quail, geese, pigeons, figs, and ten other types of fruit and three of barley, corn, and writing, and five types of oil, and fresh plants ... "
Clearly it is not required in the diet of Egyptian upper classes, and even in the lower classes were chosen some (Nunn, 2002).
Practice of medicine in Ancient Egypt
Furthermore, medical knowledge in ancient Egypt an excellent reputation, and the leaders of other empires of Egypt to ask Pharaoh to send their best doctor to treat their loved ones. Some of the Egyptians know the human anatomy. For example, in the process of mummification, classic, and I knew how the introduction and application of long mummifiers delivery through the nose, breaking the thin bones of the matter of the brain and the removal of the brain. It must also have a general idea of the location in the body cavity of the internal organs, which were removed through a small incision in the left thigh. But what if you pass it on to medical practitioners is not known, and seem to have no impact on the medical theories.
Egyptian doctors were aware of the presence of pulses and a link between the pulse and heart. Author of the Smith Papyrus, though a vague idea of the system of the heart, but no traffic, and was unable, or believes it is important to distinguish between blood vessels, tendons and nerves. They developed their theory of "channels" that carry air, water and blood to the body through the measurement of the Nile, and if it is blocked, and became the crops healthy and applies this principle to the body: if the person is, and they use laxatives for the release of "channels".
Very small number of effective health practices, such as surgery and appeared in many papyrus Edwin Smith. In many cases, on the advice of doctors to stay healthy for washing and shaving the body, including in the context of weapons, and this can lead to prevention of infection. They also advised patients to take care of their diet, avoid foods such as raw fish or other animals that are unclean.
In many practices, ineffective or dangerous. Michael D. Parkins said that 72% of 260 Hearst papyrus in recipes does not have the elements of treatment are known, and bacteria, most animal dung, which contains the products of fermentation and putrefaction, and some of the properties and even healing, but also a serious threat of infection.
Therapists and doctors in ancient Egypt
The ancient Egyptian word for the doctor is "wabau." The title has a long history. Registered nearest doctor in the world, Hesy Ra, which is practiced in ancient Egypt. The "head and dentists' to King Djoser, who reigned in the 27th century BC. Peseshet May Lady (2400) to be the first physician recorded: perhaps the mother was Akhethotep, and on the panel assigned to them in the grave and noted that IMY - R swnwt, which was translated as "hands of a woman care physician "(swnwt is the feminine of swnw).
There were many lines and specialties in medicine. Kings swnw works of their own, even by specialists. There are inspectors of doctors, physicians and supervisors of the president. Known to specialists in ancient Egypt is the eyes, diseases of the stomach and intestines, rectum and anus doctor, dentist, "the doctor who supervises butchers" and unspecified "inspector of liquids" . Ancient Egyptian term for proctologist, neru phuyt, translated literally as "the shepherd of the anus."
Institutions and homes of so-called life, it is known to have been set in ancient Egypt from the time of a family, and may have had a medical mission, and are sometimes associated in Registration with doctors, as Peftauawyneit Wedjahorresnet and live in the middle of the first millennium BC. At the time the race has 19 employees benefits such as health insurance, pensions and sick leave.
Dentistry in ancient Egypt
The field of dentistry is important because it is independent of the profession of the third millennium BC in the early years, although it may not be the first plan. The regime of the erosion of Egyptian quality (such as sand left by grinding grain) and the state of their teeth were very poor, despite the fact that archaeologists have noticed a steady decline in the severity of the occurrence teeth worn around the BC 4000-1000 AD, and perhaps because of the grain and improved grinding techniques. Egyptians still not all teeth categories in very poor countries. Dental disease can even be fatal, such as Djedmaatesankh, a musician of Thebes, who died at the age of thirty-range dental disease and infected a large bag. The infection of the teeth and the best hope for the people to the rapid loss of affected teeth. On the instructions of Ankhsheshonq contains a statement "there is still no rotten teeth still in place." The lack of records and documents to expedite this process i s not found the right tools to extract teeth, and many Some of the show is always a sign of forced removal of teeth. From the teeth of an alternative, but it is not clear if it is only after death can be a formality. In the treatment of severe pain by opium.
Magic and Religion in Ancient Egypt
In addition, magic and religion is an integral part of daily life in ancient Egypt. It is believed that gods and demons of evil to be responsible for many diseases, often involving the supernatural element of treatment, such as initiating treatment with an appeal to the deity. Does not appear that there is a clear distinction between what is now considered a very different vocations of priest and doctor. Healers and priests, many of whom Sekhmet is often used incantations and magic as part of treatment.
May be largely due to a belief in magic and religion in the placebo effect is strong, that is, have contributed to the health of the perceived effectiveness of treatment. The impact of magic to focus on treatment options or components for them. The selection of items that appear in some cases due to the derivative of an animal, plant or substance that the properties that correspond to some extent the patient's symptoms. This is known as the principle of similarity similibus ("like with like") found throughout the history of medicine in the practice of modern homeopathy. Thus, the ostrich eggs are included in the treatment of skull fracture, and can be used as an amulet represents the hedgehog against baldness.
Amulets are generally very popular, worn for many purposes magic. Classified as amulets and health-related homeopoetic, prophylactic and theophoric. Homeopoetic amulets portray an animal or a part of the animal, driven by the hope of positive attributes such as strength or speed. Prophylactic amulets protected against the harmful gods and demons. And is often used in the eye of Horus amulet prophylactic famous. Egyptian amulets representing theophoric gods, one of Isis and a belt was intended to stem the flow of blood through abortion. In addition, often made of bone, and hanging from a leather belt.
Surgery in Ancient Egypt
Surgery is a common practice among physicians for the treatment of physical injuries. Egyptian doctors admitted that the three categories of injuries and illnesses can be treated, and challenge, and treatment. The disease can be treated quickly, and surgeons from the right. And stabbed the victim of these diseases can survive without treatment, and can, therefore, it is supposed to be in this group of patients was noted Oama they are alive, and can be attempts to reform the surgery. Have included surgical instruments and detection of archaeological sites in the knives, hooks, exercise, and tongs, pliers, and standards, and spoons, saws and a vase with burning incense.
And male circumcision was the rule, as stated in its history, Herodotus. Although rarely mentioned internal performance was observed in many cases, the nature of other cultures is circumcised, was observed in many cases is not the nature of the circumcision of the military campaigns of Liberia and the uncircumcised penis him back as war booty, which refers to the grandmother. Although other documents that describe the early religious orders involving circumcision, which means that this practice is private and not on a large scale. Imaging only known of this action, in a tomb of a physician, and the burial place of Tutankhamun - mahor in Saqquarra shows adolescents or adults not children. A practiced female genital mutilation, even if a reference in ancient texts, there may be a misunderstanding.
Also used artificial limbs such as fingers and artificial eyeballs, generally, they are served a little more for decorative purposes. In preparation for burial, will be replaced with body parts are missing (but this does not seem as if it were useful, if not attached) before his death.
Because of the widespread use of embalming practices of surgery and autopsy Egyptian religious practice and knowledge from one form of the whole body, and even a great understanding of the functions of the device. (University of Minnesota). The function of most major organs correctly, it is assumed, for example, was designed correctly in the blood to be a vital means of perspiration and waste, not far from their actual role in the performance of oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide with the exception of the heart and transferred the functions of the brain.
Sources of informationAncient Egyptian medicine
Until the 19th century, the main sources of information in medicine in ancient Egyptian literature, later in antiquity. Homer (c) 800 BC found in the Odyssey: "In Egypt, men are more skilled in medicine than any kind of rights" and "Egyptians were skilled in medicine, more than any other art," Herodotus visited Egypt about 440 Greek historian, wrote British Columbia, and a wide range of medical practices of his remarks. Pliny the Elder also wrote favorably of them in a historical review. Studied Hippocrates ("father of medicine"), Herophilus, Erasistratus and Galen later in the temple of Amenhotep, and recognized the contribution of drugs in medicine ancient Egyptian, Greek.
In 1822, a translation of the translation of the Rosetta Stone eventually enabled the ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions and papyri, including many medical problems associated with (Egyptian medical papyri). Led the interest rate resulting from Egyptology in the 19th century to the discovery of several large collections of ancient documents, including the Papyrus Ebers Papyrus Edwin Smith Papyrus and Hearst, and the medical papyrus of London and other dating of as far back as 3000 BC. The Edwin Smith papyrus is a book about the details of the surgery and anatomical observations and "screening, diagnosis, treatment and diagnosis of" many diseases. He wrote the most likely [2] of about 1600 BC, but it is a copy of the texts in the group earlier. Medical information on dates in early 3000 BC. [3] Imhotep 3 strain in the credit as a writer of the original papyrus, and the founder of ancient Egyptian medicine. Surgery as soon as known in Egypt 0.2750 British Columbia.
(C) and 1550 BC Papyrus Ebers is full of incantations and foul applications meant to stay away demons that cause disease, and also includes 877 orders. [4] may also contain the first documented awareness of the tumors, and is not understood by the ancient medical terminology has been correctly interpreted. Other information comes from the images that often adorn the walls of Egyptian tombs and the translation of the documentation provided. Advances in modern medical technology has also contributed to the understanding of ancient Egyptian medicine. Paleopathologists and able to use X-rays, CT scans at a later date to see the bones and organs of mummies. Allows electron microscopes, and mass spectrometry techniques and medical examiners in different profiles of the health situation is unique in Egypt since 4000 years.
Other documents such as the Edwin Smith Papyrus (1550 BC), in the Hearst Papyrus (1450 BC), and the Berlin Papyrus (1200 BC) also provides valuable information on ancient Egyptian medicine. The Edwin Smith papyrus, for instance, and research methods, and the diagnosis of the patient and determine treatment. It will guide learning. Treatment consists of diseases is made of animal and vegetable or fruit or any other metal.
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